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The Basque conflict, also known as the Spain–ETA conflict, was an armed and political conflict between the Spanish state, France, and the Basque National Liberation Movement, a group of social and political Basque organizations which sought independence from Spain and France. The movement was built around the separatist organization ETA〔 〕〔 〕 which since 1959 launched a campaign of attacks against Spanish administrations. In response, ETA was proscribed as a terrorist organization by the Spanish, British,〔(Proscribed terrorist groups )〕 French〔 (French list of terrorist organizations, in the annex of Chapter XIV )〕 and American〔(Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) ). Retrieved on 16 April 2013.〕 authorities. The conflict took place mostly on Spanish soil, although to a smaller degree it was also present in France, and was the longest violent conflict in modern Western Europe. It has been sometimes referred to as "Europe's longest war". The terminology is controversial. "Basque conflict" is preferred by Basque nationalist groups, including those opposed to ETA violence. Spanish public opinion generally rejects the term, seeing it as legitimate state agencies fighting a terrorist group.〔 The conflict has both political and military dimensions. Its participants include politicians and political activists on both sides, the abertzale left and the Spanish government, and the security forces of Spain and France fighting against ETA and other small organizations, usually involved in the kale borroka. Far-right paramilitary groups fighting against ETA were also active in the 1970s and 1980s. Although the debate on Basque independence started in the 19th century, the armed conflict did not start until ETA was created. Since then, the conflict has resulted in the death of more than 1,000 people, most of them police and security officers, members of the armed forces, Spanish politicians, journalists and other civilians, and some ETA members. There have also been thousands of people injured, dozens kidnapped and a disputed number has gone to exile either to flee from the violence or to avoid capture by Spanish or French police or by Europol / Interpol. On 20 October 2011, ETA announced a "definitive cessation of its armed activity". Spanish premier Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero described the move as "a victory for democracy, law and reason".〔 ==Definition of the conflict== The Basque conflict, is used to define either the broad political conflict between a part of Basque society and the Unionist Model of the Spanish and French States, to exclusively describe the armed confrontation between ETA and the Spanish and French states or to describe a mixture of both perspectives. According to José Ramón Blázquez ''"The Basque political Conflict is constituted by the legitimate claim of a big part of Basque society for a frame of sovereignty in face of the Unionist Spanish State model, resulting in an untenable situation for coexistence within a plural society to which the right to decide its own status is deprived, beyond the law inherited from a dictatorship, whose violence led to the emergence of ETA and with it the distortion of the problem and the blockade of its agreed solution." (original ES)'' This idea has been rejected, for example, by José Maria Ruiz Soroa and by the main constitutionalist Spanish parties, that have rejected the existence of a political conflict and refer only to the action of a terrorist organisation against the rule of law. In 2012, Antonio Basagoiti, the head of the Basque branch of the People's Party admitted the existence of a Basque conflict, but stated that it was a political one between different entities in the Basque country. Amaiur Senator Urko Aiartza and Dr Julen Zabalo have written that ''"There is no unanimous agreement when it comes to determining the reasons for the so-called Basque conflict. According to different sources, it is either a long conflict with historical roots, an instrument of Basque nationalist politics, an attempt to impose a privilege, or evidence of the state's obstinacy. Whichever of these may be the case, an understanding of the historical relations between the Basque provinces and the Spanish and French states is indispensable in order to explain the present conflict."'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Basque conflict」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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